measuring object length?
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Dear members,
I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved objects? Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! -- Elizabeth CROWELL ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group Institut Pasteur 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 PARIS, France Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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Hi Elizabeth,
You could try measuring the perimeter. Use the Analyze Particles function and select Perimeter as one of your parameters along with Feret's diameter, etc. Shape Descriptors might also be of interest if you are interested in the proportion of objects of different shapes. Kind regards, Jacqui Jacqueline Ross Biomedical Imaging Microscopist Biomedical Imaging Research Unit School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Tel: 64 9 373 7599 Ext 87438 Fax: 64 9 373 7484 http://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/sms/biru/ -----Original Message----- From: ImageJ Interest Group [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of Crowell Elizabeth Sent: Friday, 2 July 2010 4:24 a.m. To: [hidden email] Subject: measuring object length? Dear members, I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved objects? Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! -- Elizabeth CROWELL ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group Institut Pasteur 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 PARIS, France Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
Re: measuring object length?
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In reply to this post by Crowell Elizabeth
Hello,
My attempts to measure the length of variously shaped linear and curved objects is making some progress. For the moment, the best option seems to use Process/Binary/Skeletonize, then take the length as half of the perimeter of the skeletons. This works better than ellipse fitting, which fails to correctly measure curved objects. The major problem with the skeleton approach is that many of my skeletons end up branched, which also leads to large errors in the length measurements. How can I reduce/eliminate the formation of branches? If I could clean up the images before thresholding, and remove the background noise, perhaps it would be sufficient to reduce the formation of skeleton branches. Are there any ways to enhance linear objects in images? Erosion, top-hat filters, etc? I have colleagues who work on enhancement of round objects, but I have never heard about how one can enhance linear objects... Thank you, Elizabeth David Webster a écrit : > Elizabeth, > > Hmm! That's what I thought you mean. So, if you had a U sahped object, > then length would be the distance from one vertex(?) to the other > measured along a path wihin the U. I think that you a probably looking > for something like lengths dirived the Skeleton or Medial Axis. I am > not sure how to compue what you need but will look around to see if I > can find soemthing. You can check the imageJ wiki for a Skeleton > Plugin or the menu item Process/Binary/Skeletonize to see what a > skelton looks like. The problem is that skeletons can have branches. > > David > > On Fri, Jul 2, 2010 at 2:01 AM, Crowell Elizabeth > <[hidden email] <mailto:[hidden email]>> > wrote: > > Hello David, > > Thank you for your response. > > What do I mean by object length? I'm not sure how to describe > this in proper mathematical terms, but I have made a drawing to > show how I would draw a line on the object manually to measure its > length (attached, "length.jpg"). For the very linear objects, the > Feret's diameter is equal to the length, but for curved objects, > the length would be equal to that of a curved line that bisects > the object. I have attached an example of the images I am trying > to process ("4.jpg") to show the diversity of shapes. > > Rather than determining the principle axes of my object, I think I > need to define lines that represent the shortest distance between > two points on the perimeter of the object (i.e. lines roughly > perpendicular to the major axis), then determine the center point > of each of these lines, and connect the points. The length of the > resulting line would equal my object length. > > I did not know how to fit ellipsoids, but I have read on the > ImageJ site that this is done through Analyze particles. I will > try fitting ellipsoids, measure the Feret's diameter of my > ellipses, and compare it to my manual measurements. But I think > we know already that this will not accurately measure the length > of curved linear objects? > > Please let me know if there is a way to automatically calculate a > line bisecting an object, or if this can be implemented... > > Thanks again for your help, > Elizabeth > > > David Webster a écrit : >> Elizabeth, >> >> Do you have defintion or examples of what you mean by object length? >> >> Having said that, have you considered finding the principle axes >> (i.e. ellipsoid fit) and then looking for the largest distance >> between projected points on the major axis? >> >> David Webster >> >> On Thu, Jul 1, 2010 at 9:23 AM, Crowell Elizabeth >> <[hidden email] >> <mailto:[hidden email]>> wrote: >> >> Dear members, >> >> I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped >> objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without >> curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. >> >> - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? >> It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it >> will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved >> objects? >> >> Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! >> >> -- >> >> Elizabeth CROWELL >> >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >> Institut Pasteur >> 28 rue du Dr Roux >> 75015 PARIS, France >> >> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> >> > > > -- > > Elizabeth CROWELL > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group > Institut Pasteur > 28 rue du Dr Roux > 75015 PARIS, France > > Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 > Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > -- Elizabeth CROWELL ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group Institut Pasteur 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 PARIS, France Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
Re: measuring object length?
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Elizebeth,
You might try Measure_Roi, available at www.optinav.com/Measure-Roi.htm. It is a little long in the tooth, but it might be just what you need. Bob On Jul 5, 2010, at 1:51 AM, Crowell Elizabeth wrote: > Hello, > > My attempts to measure the length of variously shaped linear and curved objects is making some progress. Robert Dougherty, Ph.D. President, OptiNav, Inc. 4176 148th Ave. NE Redmond, WA 98052 (425)891-4883 FAX (425)467-1119 www.optinav.com [hidden email] |
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In reply to this post by Crowell Elizabeth
Hi Elizabeth,
You can use binary operations like erosion/dilation, open/close etc. to remove branches once you have a binary image. Prior to skeletonisation, you could use filters to remove noise that often results in branches, e.g remove outliers or a standard median filter. If you could post an image somewhere, then people might have a better idea of what you are trying to do and the issues you are trying to solve. You could post both an original image and the skeleton image or just the skeletonised one... Sometimes, our imagination isn't enough! Kind regards, Jacqui Jacqueline Ross Biomedical Imaging Microscopist Biomedical Imaging Research Unit School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Tel: 64 9 373 7599 Ext 87438 Fax: 64 9 373 7484 http://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/sms/biru/ -----Original Message----- From: ImageJ Interest Group [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of Crowell Elizabeth Sent: Monday, 5 July 2010 8:51 p.m. To: [hidden email] Subject: Re: measuring object length? Hello, My attempts to measure the length of variously shaped linear and curved objects is making some progress. For the moment, the best option seems to use Process/Binary/Skeletonize, then take the length as half of the perimeter of the skeletons. This works better than ellipse fitting, which fails to correctly measure curved objects. The major problem with the skeleton approach is that many of my skeletons end up branched, which also leads to large errors in the length measurements. How can I reduce/eliminate the formation of branches? If I could clean up the images before thresholding, and remove the background noise, perhaps it would be sufficient to reduce the formation of skeleton branches. Are there any ways to enhance linear objects in images? Erosion, top-hat filters, etc? I have colleagues who work on enhancement of round objects, but I have never heard about how one can enhance linear objects... Thank you, Elizabeth David Webster a écrit : > Elizabeth, > > Hmm! That's what I thought you mean. So, if you had a U sahped object, > then length would be the distance from one vertex(?) to the other > measured along a path wihin the U. I think that you a probably looking > for something like lengths dirived the Skeleton or Medial Axis. I am > not sure how to compue what you need but will look around to see if I > can find soemthing. You can check the imageJ wiki for a Skeleton > Plugin or the menu item Process/Binary/Skeletonize to see what a > skelton looks like. The problem is that skeletons can have branches. > > David > > On Fri, Jul 2, 2010 at 2:01 AM, Crowell Elizabeth > <[hidden email] <mailto:[hidden email]>> > wrote: > > Hello David, > > Thank you for your response. > > What do I mean by object length? I'm not sure how to describe > this in proper mathematical terms, but I have made a drawing to > show how I would draw a line on the object manually to measure its > length (attached, "length.jpg"). For the very linear objects, the > Feret's diameter is equal to the length, but for curved objects, > the length would be equal to that of a curved line that bisects > the object. I have attached an example of the images I am trying > to process ("4.jpg") to show the diversity of shapes. > > Rather than determining the principle axes of my object, I think I > need to define lines that represent the shortest distance between > two points on the perimeter of the object (i.e. lines roughly > perpendicular to the major axis), then determine the center point > of each of these lines, and connect the points. The length of the > resulting line would equal my object length. > > I did not know how to fit ellipsoids, but I have read on the > ImageJ site that this is done through Analyze particles. I will > try fitting ellipsoids, measure the Feret's diameter of my > ellipses, and compare it to my manual measurements. But I think > we know already that this will not accurately measure the length > of curved linear objects? > > Please let me know if there is a way to automatically calculate a > line bisecting an object, or if this can be implemented... > > Thanks again for your help, > Elizabeth > > > David Webster a écrit : >> Elizabeth, >> >> Do you have defintion or examples of what you mean by object length? >> >> Having said that, have you considered finding the principle axes >> (i.e. ellipsoid fit) and then looking for the largest distance >> between projected points on the major axis? >> >> David Webster >> >> On Thu, Jul 1, 2010 at 9:23 AM, Crowell Elizabeth >> <[hidden email] >> <mailto:[hidden email]>> wrote: >> >> Dear members, >> >> I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped >> objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without >> curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. >> >> - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? >> It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it >> will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved >> objects? >> >> Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! >> >> -- >> >> Elizabeth CROWELL >> >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >> Institut Pasteur >> 28 rue du Dr Roux >> 75015 PARIS, France >> >> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> >> > > > -- > > Elizabeth CROWELL > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group > Institut Pasteur > 28 rue du Dr Roux > 75015 PARIS, France > > Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 > Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > -- Elizabeth CROWELL ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group Institut Pasteur 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 PARIS, France Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
Re: measuring object length?
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Hello Jacqui,
I have to spend more time testing these methods, but for the moment the error rate is rather low. The images that were giving me many branches simply cannot be analyzed using skeletonize... I have to go back to the origin of the problem and improve the acquisition method I think. I will send you a few example images that I am currently using for analysis. In these, skeletonize works fine once the image is properly thresholded. In fact, it is the thresholding that is the most difficult step, due to the presence of signals that are not of interest. It would be useful to enhance in some way the linear objects I am trying to detect, to reduce noise and facilitate thresholding. I'd like to thank you and the other members of the list who gave me very good advice! Elizabeth Jacqui Ross a écrit : > Hi Elizabeth, > > You can use binary operations like erosion/dilation, open/close etc. to remove branches once you have a binary image. Prior to skeletonisation, you could use filters to remove noise that often results in branches, e.g remove outliers or a standard median filter. If you could post an image somewhere, then people might have a better idea of what you are trying to do and the issues you are trying to solve. You could post both an original image and the skeleton image or just the skeletonised one... Sometimes, our imagination isn't enough! > > Kind regards, > > Jacqui > > Jacqueline Ross > > Biomedical Imaging Microscopist > Biomedical Imaging Research Unit > School of Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences > The University of Auckland > Private Bag 92019 > Auckland, NEW ZEALAND > > Tel: 64 9 373 7599 Ext 87438 > Fax: 64 9 373 7484 > > http://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/sms/biru/ > > > -----Original Message----- > From: ImageJ Interest Group [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of Crowell Elizabeth > Sent: Monday, 5 July 2010 8:51 p.m. > To: [hidden email] > Subject: Re: measuring object length? > > Hello, > > My attempts to measure the length of variously shaped linear and curved > objects is making some progress. > For the moment, the best option seems to use Process/Binary/Skeletonize, > then take the length as half of the perimeter of the skeletons. This > works better than ellipse fitting, which fails to correctly measure > curved objects. The major problem with the skeleton approach is that > many of my skeletons end up branched, which also leads to large errors > in the length measurements. > > How can I reduce/eliminate the formation of branches? If I could clean > up the images before thresholding, and remove the background noise, > perhaps it would be sufficient to reduce the formation of skeleton > branches. Are there any ways to enhance linear objects in images? > Erosion, top-hat filters, etc? I have colleagues who work on > enhancement of round objects, but I have never heard about how one can > enhance linear objects... > > Thank you, > Elizabeth > > > David Webster a écrit : > >> Elizabeth, >> >> Hmm! That's what I thought you mean. So, if you had a U sahped object, >> then length would be the distance from one vertex(?) to the other >> measured along a path wihin the U. I think that you a probably looking >> for something like lengths dirived the Skeleton or Medial Axis. I am >> not sure how to compue what you need but will look around to see if I >> can find soemthing. You can check the imageJ wiki for a Skeleton >> Plugin or the menu item Process/Binary/Skeletonize to see what a >> skelton looks like. The problem is that skeletons can have branches. >> >> David >> >> On Fri, Jul 2, 2010 at 2:01 AM, Crowell Elizabeth >> <[hidden email] <mailto:[hidden email]>> >> wrote: >> >> Hello David, >> >> Thank you for your response. >> >> What do I mean by object length? I'm not sure how to describe >> this in proper mathematical terms, but I have made a drawing to >> show how I would draw a line on the object manually to measure its >> length (attached, "length.jpg"). For the very linear objects, the >> Feret's diameter is equal to the length, but for curved objects, >> the length would be equal to that of a curved line that bisects >> the object. I have attached an example of the images I am trying >> to process ("4.jpg") to show the diversity of shapes. >> >> Rather than determining the principle axes of my object, I think I >> need to define lines that represent the shortest distance between >> two points on the perimeter of the object (i.e. lines roughly >> perpendicular to the major axis), then determine the center point >> of each of these lines, and connect the points. The length of the >> resulting line would equal my object length. >> >> I did not know how to fit ellipsoids, but I have read on the >> ImageJ site that this is done through Analyze particles. I will >> try fitting ellipsoids, measure the Feret's diameter of my >> ellipses, and compare it to my manual measurements. But I think >> we know already that this will not accurately measure the length >> of curved linear objects? >> >> Please let me know if there is a way to automatically calculate a >> line bisecting an object, or if this can be implemented... >> >> Thanks again for your help, >> Elizabeth >> >> >> David Webster a écrit : >> >>> Elizabeth, >>> >>> Do you have defintion or examples of what you mean by object length? >>> >>> Having said that, have you considered finding the principle axes >>> (i.e. ellipsoid fit) and then looking for the largest distance >>> between projected points on the major axis? >>> >>> David Webster >>> >>> On Thu, Jul 1, 2010 at 9:23 AM, Crowell Elizabeth >>> <[hidden email] >>> <mailto:[hidden email]>> wrote: >>> >>> Dear members, >>> >>> I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped >>> objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without >>> curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. >>> >>> - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? >>> It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it >>> will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved >>> objects? >>> >>> Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! >>> >>> -- >>> >>> Elizabeth CROWELL >>> >>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >>> Institut Pasteur >>> 28 rue du Dr Roux >>> 75015 PARIS, France >>> >>> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >>> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> >>> >>> >> -- >> >> Elizabeth CROWELL >> >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >> Institut Pasteur >> 28 rue du Dr Roux >> 75015 PARIS, France >> >> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >> >> >> > > > -- Elizabeth CROWELL ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group Institut Pasteur 28 rue du Dr Roux 75015 PARIS, France Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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Elizabeth,
The Skeletonize algorithm may be critical as well. I tried 10 iterations of dilation/erosion on your image 4.jpg. When I used Process/Binary/Skeletoize, I got some cases of branching even with simple shapes. When I use the Skeletonize(2D/3D) plugin written by Ignacio Arganda-Carreras', I get nice simple single "spines' with no brances for each object except for the complicated one in the lower left of the image. David On Thu, Jul 8, 2010 at 3:09 AM, Crowell Elizabeth < [hidden email]> wrote: > Hello Jacqui, > > I have to spend more time testing these methods, but for the moment the > error rate is rather low. The images that were giving me many branches > simply cannot be analyzed using skeletonize... I have to go back to the > origin of the problem and improve the acquisition method I think. > I will send you a few example images that I am currently using for > analysis. In these, skeletonize works fine once the image is properly > thresholded. In fact, it is the thresholding that is the most difficult > step, due to the presence of signals that are not of interest. It would be > useful to enhance in some way the linear objects I am trying to detect, to > reduce noise and facilitate thresholding. > > I'd like to thank you and the other members of the list who gave me very > good advice! > > Elizabeth > > > Jacqui Ross a écrit : > > Hi Elizabeth, >> >> You can use binary operations like erosion/dilation, open/close etc. to >> remove branches once you have a binary image. Prior to skeletonisation, you >> could use filters to remove noise that often results in branches, e.g remove >> outliers or a standard median filter. If you could post an image somewhere, >> then people might have a better idea of what you are trying to do and the >> issues you are trying to solve. You could post both an original image and >> the skeleton image or just the skeletonised one... Sometimes, our >> imagination isn't enough! >> >> Kind regards, >> >> Jacqui >> Jacqueline Ross >> Biomedical Imaging Microscopist >> Biomedical Imaging Research Unit School of Medical Sciences Faculty of >> Medical & Health Sciences The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 >> Auckland, NEW ZEALAND >> Tel: 64 9 373 7599 Ext 87438 Fax: 64 9 373 7484 >> http://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/sms/biru/ >> >> >> -----Original Message----- >> From: ImageJ Interest Group [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of >> Crowell Elizabeth >> Sent: Monday, 5 July 2010 8:51 p.m. >> To: [hidden email] >> Subject: Re: measuring object length? >> >> Hello, >> >> My attempts to measure the length of variously shaped linear and curved >> objects is making some progress. >> For the moment, the best option seems to use Process/Binary/Skeletonize, >> then take the length as half of the perimeter of the skeletons. This works >> better than ellipse fitting, which fails to correctly measure curved >> objects. The major problem with the skeleton approach is that many of my >> skeletons end up branched, which also leads to large errors in the length >> measurements. >> >> How can I reduce/eliminate the formation of branches? If I could clean up >> the images before thresholding, and remove the background noise, perhaps it >> would be sufficient to reduce the formation of skeleton branches. Are there >> any ways to enhance linear objects in images? Erosion, top-hat filters, >> etc? I have colleagues who work on enhancement of round objects, but I have >> never heard about how one can enhance linear objects... >> >> Thank you, >> Elizabeth >> >> >> David Webster a écrit : >> >> >>> Elizabeth, >>> Hmm! That's what I thought you mean. So, if you had a U sahped object, >>> then length would be the distance from one vertex(?) to the other measured >>> along a path wihin the U. I think that you a probably looking for something >>> like lengths dirived the Skeleton or Medial Axis. I am not sure how to >>> compue what you need but will look around to see if I can find soemthing. >>> You can check the imageJ wiki for a Skeleton Plugin or the menu item >>> Process/Binary/Skeletonize to see what a skelton looks like. The problem is >>> that skeletons can have branches. >>> David >>> >>> On Fri, Jul 2, 2010 at 2:01 AM, Crowell Elizabeth < >>> [hidden email] <mailto:[hidden email]>> >>> wrote: >>> >>> Hello David, >>> >>> Thank you for your response. >>> >>> What do I mean by object length? I'm not sure how to describe >>> this in proper mathematical terms, but I have made a drawing to >>> show how I would draw a line on the object manually to measure its >>> length (attached, "length.jpg"). For the very linear objects, the >>> Feret's diameter is equal to the length, but for curved objects, >>> the length would be equal to that of a curved line that bisects >>> the object. I have attached an example of the images I am trying >>> to process ("4.jpg") to show the diversity of shapes. >>> >>> Rather than determining the principle axes of my object, I think I >>> need to define lines that represent the shortest distance between >>> two points on the perimeter of the object (i.e. lines roughly >>> perpendicular to the major axis), then determine the center point >>> of each of these lines, and connect the points. The length of the >>> resulting line would equal my object length. >>> >>> I did not know how to fit ellipsoids, but I have read on the >>> ImageJ site that this is done through Analyze particles. I will >>> try fitting ellipsoids, measure the Feret's diameter of my >>> ellipses, and compare it to my manual measurements. But I think >>> we know already that this will not accurately measure the length >>> of curved linear objects? >>> >>> Please let me know if there is a way to automatically calculate a >>> line bisecting an object, or if this can be implemented... >>> >>> Thanks again for your help, >>> Elizabeth >>> >>> >>> David Webster a écrit : >>> >>> >>>> Elizabeth, >>>> Do you have defintion or examples of what you mean by object >>>> length? >>>> Having said that, have you considered finding the principle axes >>>> (i.e. ellipsoid fit) and then looking for the largest distance >>>> between projected points on the major axis? >>>> David Webster >>>> >>>> On Thu, Jul 1, 2010 at 9:23 AM, Crowell Elizabeth >>>> <[hidden email] >>>> <mailto:[hidden email]>> wrote: >>>> >>>> Dear members, >>>> >>>> I am trying to measure the lengths of variably shaped >>>> objects. Their shapes range from thin lines with or without >>>> curvature, to elongated ellipsoids and small circles. >>>> >>>> - Is there a method for measuring the length of such objects? >>>> It seems that I cannot use the Feret's diameter, since it >>>> will yield an underestimation of the length of the curved >>>> objects? >>>> >>>> Thank you in advance for sharing your expertise! >>>> >>>> -- >>>> Elizabeth CROWELL >>>> >>>> >>>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >>>> Institut Pasteur >>>> 28 rue du Dr Roux >>>> 75015 PARIS, France >>>> >>>> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >>>> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >>>> >>>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>> -- >>> Elizabeth CROWELL >>> >>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group >>> Institut Pasteur >>> 28 rue du Dr Roux >>> 75015 PARIS, France >>> >>> Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 >>> Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 >>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >>> >>> >>> >>> >> >> >> >> > > > -- > > Elizabeth CROWELL > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group > Institut Pasteur > 28 rue du Dr Roux > 75015 PARIS, France > > Tel : 01.44.38.94.07 > Fax : 01.45.68.89.54 > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > |
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